Engelsk B
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Varighed: 5 timer
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Vejledning til opgaverne
Den samlede eksaminationstid for Assignment 1-5 er 5 timer. Besvarelsen bedømmes som en helhed ud fra de faglige mål for niveauet. Der lægges vægt på beherskelsen af det engelske sprog, forståelse af forlægget og færdighed i skriftlig fremstilling på engelsk.
Det anbefales, at du skriver din besvarelse i skabelonen, som hentes ved klik på Template i menuen til venstre. Besvarelsen afleveres i ét dokument med opgaverne i rækkefølgen 1-5.
Sådan henviser du til tekst, video- og lydklip
Hvis du citerer, skal du angive kilde.
Alt anvendt materiale skal være engelsksproget og angives med kildehenvisninger.
Du kan henvise til dele af video- og lydklip, f.eks. ved at angive afspillerens minut- og sekundtal for henholdsvis starten og slutningen af klippet.
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Tekster i opgavesættet
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Assignment 1
Indsæt i alt 5 punktummer i nedenstående tekstuddrag og ret til stort begyndelsesbogstav.
Imagine you’re trying to understand a conversation between a big group of friends about a complicated subject, but you’re allowed to listen to only a single person you might be able to figure out the very rough topic of what the conversation is about, but definitely not all the details and nuances of the entire discussion.
(…)
There is also what we think of as a language barrier neurons communicate with each other through a complex interaction of electrical signals and chemical reactions this native electro-chemical language can be interpreted with electrical circuits, but it’s not easy similarly, when we speak back to the brain using electrical stimulation, it is with a heavy electrical “accent” this makes it difficult for neurons to understand what the stimulation is trying to convey in the midst of all the other ongoing neural activity.
Uddrag fra: “Melding mind and machine: How close are we?“
Assignment 2
Omskriv nedenstående sætninger til nægtende sætninger.
Vær opmærksom på, at der er tre verballed (udsagnsled) i sætning 4.
Eksempel: Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are devices that measure signals from the brain (…)
Svar: Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are not devices that do not measure signals from the brain (…)
1. This technology has varied uses (…)
2. (…) some of the key ethical issues it raises.
3. These devices use electrodes (…)
4. Though these examples are very futuristic, some companies have research goals that could be straight out of a science fiction movie
Uddrag fra: “Ethical questions raised by brain-computer interfaces”
Assignment 3
Omskriv nedenstående klip fra præsens (nutid) til perfektum (førnutid). Se bort fra, at omskrivningen kan ændre tekstens betydning og sproglige sammenhæng.
Uddrag fra: Mysteries of the Brain: Brain-Computer Interface
Tekstning af klippet:
To demonstrate how this technology works, Rao and his team of students use a BCI that allows them to study nonverbal communication. First, the student is fitted with an electroencephalogram or EEG cap, which is a series of electrodes placed on the scalp to record brain signals.
Assignment 4
Skriv en sammenhængende tekst på 75-125 ord, hvor du beskriver billedet, eller hvad der sker på billedet.
I din tekst skal du bruge følgende relative pronomener (henførende stedord): who, which, that og whose.
Desuden skal du bruge følgende tre præpositioner (forholdsord): behind, on og in.
Markér de anvendte pronomener og præpositioner i din tekst.
Fotograf: Alex Webb
Assignment 5: Brain-Computer Interface
Assignment
Argumentative essay
Using all the texts from the given material, write an argumentative essay in which you account for and discuss issues relating to BCI, brain-computer interface.
Give your essay an appropriate headline.
Word count: 700-1000 words.
Source material:
- Mysteries of the Brain: Brain-Computer Interface
- Ethical questions raised by brain-computer interfaces
All sources must be documented.
Ethical questions raised by brain-computer interfaces
A recent article published in BMC Medical Ethics explores the ethical aspects of brain-computer
interfaces (BCI): an emerging technology where brain signals are directly translated to outputs with the help of machines. Here, two of the authors of the paper tell us more about the applications of BCI, its portrayal in the media, and some of the key ethical issues it raises. Sasha Burwell & Eric Racine 18 Dec 2017 
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are devices that measure signals from the brain and translate them into executable output with the help of a machine such as a computer or prosthesis. This technology has varied uses, from assistive devices for disabled individuals to advanced video game control. 
BCI is portrayed positively in films like Robocop Flickr: Wacko Photographer 5
television and films. Sometimes this technology is positively
portrayed, such as the prosthetics seen in Robocop. Other perspectives warn about how far this technology could go, such as the literal plug-in brain interface in The Matrix, or the game in Black Mirror’s episode “Playtest” that can create 10
a person’s worst nightmare. Though these examples are very
futuristic, some companies have research goals that could be straight out of a science fiction movie: for example, Elon Musk’s company Neuralink plans to create brain implants that improve memory. The current reality of BCI, however, is more limited 15
than suggested by these futuristic portrayals.
At this time, the main use of BCI pursued by researchers is as assistive technology for individuals with debilitating loss of motor control, such as that caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Late stage amyotrophic lateral 20
sclerosis patients often enter a “locked-in” state in which they
lose nearly all motor function, including the ability to speak. To help these individuals, BCI electroencephalogram-based spelling systems have been developed. These devices use electrodes to record brain signals from the surface of the scalp, and users can 25
type messages by focusing on certain letters on a screen.
(...) Image sourced from Frontiers in Neuroengineering
Ethical questions
The unique direct connection BCI creates between our brains and computers raises important ethical questions. We currently interact with computers with our peripheral nervous system: we use our fingers 30
to type an email on our laptop, or our vocal muscles to produce speech and interact with voice recognition
systems. In contrast, BCI captures signals directly from your central nervous system – your brain.
If a BCI device sees the thought and executes a harmful action, even though the user would have normally
This has interesting ethical implications, ranging from
not acted in this way alone, can we say that the BCI user is fully responsible? questions of privacy to loss of humanity. One example is ascription of responsibility for the output of a BCI. Perhaps 35
we have less control over our thoughts than over our actions
– many of us have experienced thinking something, yet refrained from saying it aloud. If a BCI device sees the thought and executes a harmful action, even though the user would have normally not acted in this way alone, can we say 40
that the BCI user is fully responsible?
Another ethical question is the potentially deceptive role played by the media on perception of BCI. Current BCI technology is not very reliable: spelling devices often cannot be controlled by fully locked-in patients for unclear reasons. In general, most motor-based assistive systems are far more effective than BCI for individuals who retain any motor function. An example is Stephen Hawking’s communication device, 45
which he controls with minute facial muscle movements and prefers over BCI systems.
However, media coverage of BCI tends to be overly positive and futuristic, with the phrases “mind reading” and “cure” seen in articles. This misrepresentation can create an expectation gap where patients expect a BCI device to be more effective or simpler to use than it actually is. Disappointment stemming from overly high expectations could be associated with patient depression. 50
Many researchers see great potential in BCI devices, with implications for individuals struggling with severe
disabilities and for the future of entertainment. However, the ethics literature indicates that these benefits could be accompanied by moral and societal challenges. It is therefore important that neuroscientists, legislators, ethicists, and the general public discuss the impact this technology could have on legal and moral responsibility, informed consent, and various other ethical issues. (...) |
Tilbage
Sources
“Mysteries of the Brain: Brain-Computer Interface”, a video, NBC Learn website, 05-06-2015. Viewed 15-11-2018.
https://nbclearn.com/brain/cuecard/102500
Sasha Burwell and Eric Racine, “Ethical questions raised by brain-computer interfaces”, an article, BMC website, 18-12-2017. Viewed 15-11-2018.
http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2017/12/18/ethical-questions-raised-by-brain-computer-interfaces/
James Wu and Rajesh P. N. Rao, “Melding mind and machine: How close are we?“, an article, The Conversation website, 10-04-2017. Viewed 15-11-2018.
https://theconversation.com/melding-mind-and-machine-how-close-are-we-75589
Photo by Alex Webb. From Magnum Photos website. Viewed 15-11-2018.
https://www.magnumphotos.com/arts-culture/alex-webb-the-suffering-of-light/
Illustration, from Sandip Kamat, “Brain computer interfaces — Why & why now?”, Medium website, 26-04-2017. Viewed 15-11-2018.
https://aboveintelligent.com/brain-computer-interfaces-why-why-now-d02445090509